Diagnosing Alzheimer’s: How Alzheimer’s is diagnosed

Alzheimer’s dementia can be diagnosed in several different ways. Often, Alzheimer’s is diagnosed through an exam by a member of your healthcare team. The healthcare professional evaluates your symptoms and may order several tests. The health professional may talk to your friends and family members to find out more about your symptoms and behavior.

It’s important to get an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s, the most common type of dementia. The correct diagnosis is an important first step toward getting the appropriate treatment, care, family education and plans for the future.

Early symptoms of Alzheimer’s dementia include:

• Memory impairment, such as trouble remembering events.
• Having a hard time concentrating, planning or problem-solving.
• Trouble finishing daily tasks at home or at work, such as writing or using eating utensils.
• Confusion with location or passage of time.
• Having visual or spacial issues, such as not understanding distance in driving, getting lost or misplacing items.
• Trouble with language, such as not being able to find the right word or having a reduced vocabulary in speech or writing.
• Using poor judgment in decisions.
• Withdrawal from work events or social engagements.
• Changes in mood, such as depression or other behavior and personality changes.

Alzheimer’s dementia can affect several aspects of your daily life.

When warning signs of Alzheimer’s dementia appear, it’s important that you get a prompt and accurate diagnosis.

To diagnose Alzheimer’s dementia, you might see your healthcare professional. Or you might see a doctor trained in brain conditions, known as a neurologist, or a doctor trained to treat older adults, known as a geriatrician. The doctor or other healthcare professional reviews your symptoms, medical history and medicine history. Your health professional may interview someone who knows you well, such as a close friend or family member. You’ll also have a physical exam and several tests.

During your appointment, your healthcare professional looks at:

• Whether you have impaired memory or thinking skills, also known as cognitive skills.
• Whether you exhibit changes in personality or behaviors.
• The degree of your memory or thinking impairment or changes.
• How thinking impairment affects your ability to function in daily life.
• The cause of your symptoms.

You may need lab tests, brain-imaging tests or detailed memory testing. These tests can provide useful information for a diagnosis. They also can rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms.

Doctors and other healthcare professionals give you a physical exam and check that you don’t have other health conditions that could be causing or contributing to your symptoms. They may look for signs of past strokes, Parkinson’s disease, depression, sleep apnea or other medical conditions.

Your healthcare professional may ask you to answer questions or perform tasks that measure your cognitive skills. The tasks help to evaluate your memory, abstract thinking, problem-solving, language usage and related skills.

• Mental status testing. This test focuses on your thinking skills, known as cognitive skills, and memory. The scores on these tests can reveal the degree of cognitive impairment.

• Neuropsychological tests. You may see a specialist trained in brain conditions and mental health conditions, known as a neuropsychologist. This specialist can do extensive tests of your memory and cognitive skills.

  The tests help your doctor and other healthcare professionals determine if you have dementia. They help your healthcare team know if you’re able to safely complete daily tasks, such as taking medicines as scheduled and managing your finances. These tests also provide information on what you can still do as well as what you may have lost. And they can tell your healthcare professional if depression may be causing your symptoms.

• Interviews with friends and family. Doctors and other healthcare professionals may ask your family members or friends questions about you and your behavior.

  Healthcare professionals look for details that don’t fit with your former level of function. Family members or friends often can explain how your cognitive skills, functional abilities and behaviors have changed over time.

These tests, the physical exam, and information on age and duration of worsening symptoms often are enough to diagnose Alzheimer’s dementia. However, when the diagnosis isn’t clear, healthcare professionals may need to order additional tests.

You may need lab tests to rule out other conditions that cause symptoms similar to Alzheimer’s dementia. For example, you might be tested for a thyroid condition or not having enough vitamin B-12 in the body.

A cerebrospinal fluid test may be recommended to help diagnose Alzheimer’s. Amyloid and tau proteins can be measured in the fluid. The ratio of these proteins can help determine if you have Alzheimer’s dementia. Most of the time, a cerebrospinal fluid test is not necessary for a diagnosis. But the test may be useful in some instances or if symptoms are rapidly getting worse.

Alzheimer’s dementia results from the loss of brain cells over time. This is known as degeneration. Degeneration may appear in a variety of ways in brain scans.

However, these scans alone aren’t enough to make a diagnosis. Scans aren’t used to diagnose Alzheimer’s dementia because there is overlap in what is considered typical age-related change in the brain and change related to Alzheimer’s.

However, brain imaging can help:

• Rule out other causes, such as heavy bleeding, brain tumors or strokes.
• Distinguish between different types of degenerative brain disease.
• Establish a baseline about the degree of degeneration.

The brain-imaging technologies most often used are:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI uses powerful radio waves and magnets to create a detailed view of your brain.
• Computerized tomography (CT). A CT scan uses X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of your brain.

• Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a radioactive substance known as a tracer to detect substances in the body. There are different types of PET scans. The most commonly used PET scan is a fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scan. This scan can identify brain regions with decreased glucose metabolism. The pattern of metabolism change can distinguish between different types of degenerative brain disease.

  PET scans have recently been developed that detect clusters of amyloid proteins, known as plaques, or tau, known as neurofibrillary tangles. Both are associated with Alzheimer’s dementia. These types of PET scans are typically used in the research setting.

Researchers are working on new ways to diagnose Alzheimer’s dementia earlier. New tests might be able to diagnose the disease when symptoms are very mild or even before symptoms start. Currently, researchers are developing tests that measure amyloid or tau in the blood. These tests are promising and may be used to pinpoint who is at risk of Alzheimer’s dementia, and whether Alzheimer’s is the cause of dementia.

Scientists are investigating several disease markers and diagnostic tests. These biomarkers include genes and proteins, including tau, related to Alzheimer’s. New imaging tests also are being developed. These may help indicate whether you have Alzheimer’s dementia and how much the disease has progressed. However, more research on these tests is necessary.

Some people feel nervous about seeing a healthcare professional when they or a family member has memory issues. Some people hide their symptoms, or family members cover for them. It can be hard to deal with the losses that Alzheimer’s dementia can bring, such as losing independence and the ability to drive.

While there’s no cure for Alzheimer’s, an early diagnosis can still be helpful. Knowing what you can do is just as important as knowing what you can’t do. If another treatable condition is causing memory loss, your healthcare team can start treatments.

For those with Alzheimer’s dementia, starting medicines early can help slow the decline in memory and other cognitive skills. Other medicines and interventions can help manage symptoms. You also may be able to participate in clinical trials.

You and your caregivers can learn strategies to manage your changes in skills and to reduce how Alzheimer’s dementia affects everyday life. Strategies include learning how to make your home safer, establish routines and plan activities.

An early diagnosis also helps you, your family and caregivers plan for the future. You’ll have the chance to make informed decisions on a number of issues, such as:

• Appropriate community services and resources.
• Options for residential and at-home care.
• Plans for handling financial issues.
• Expectations for future care and medical decisions.

When healthcare professionals diagnose you or a family member with Alzheimer’s, they can help you understand the disease. They can answer your questions and explain what to expect. Your healthcare team can help you figure out ways to maintain independence, health and safety.