{"id":52138,"date":"2025-04-25T21:56:30","date_gmt":"2025-04-26T01:56:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hancockhealth.org\/mayo-health-library\/hiv-aids\/"},"modified":"2026-02-04T12:03:41","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T17:03:41","slug":"hiv-aids","status":"publish","type":"mayo","link":"https:\/\/www.hancockhealth.org\/ja\/mayo-health-library\/hiv-aids\/","title":{"rendered":"HIV\/AIDS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"container mx-auto   wordpress-block wordpress- core-\">\n<p>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is an ongoing, also called chronic, condition. It&#8217;s caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV. <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> damages the immune system so that the body is less able to fight infection and disease. If <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> isn&#8217;t treated, it can take years before it weakens the immune system enough to become <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. Thanks to treatment, most people in the U.S. don&#8217;t get <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> is spread through contact with genitals, such as during sex without a condom. This type of infection is called a sexually transmitted infection, also called an STI. <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> also is spread through contact with blood, such as when people share needles or syringes. It is also possible for a person with untreated <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to spread the virus to a child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s no cure for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. But medicines can control the infection and keep the disease from getting worse. Antiviral treatments for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> have reduced <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> deaths around the world. There&#8217;s an ongoing effort to make ways to prevent and treat <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> more available in resource-poor countries.<\/p>\n<p>The symptoms of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> \u305d\u3057\u3066 <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> vary depending on the person and the phase of infection.<\/p>\n<h3>Primary infection, also called acute HIV<\/h3>\n<p>Some people infected by <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> get a flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body. This stage may last a few days to several weeks. Some people have no symptoms during this stage.<\/p>\n<p>Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fever.<\/li>\n<li>Headache.<\/li>\n<li>Muscle aches and joint pain.<\/li>\n<li>Rash.<\/li>\n<li>Sore throat and painful mouth sores.<\/li>\n<li>Swollen lymph glands, also called nodes, mainly on the neck.<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Weight loss.<\/li>\n<li>Cough.<\/li>\n<li>Night sweats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These symptoms can be so mild that you might not notice them. However, the amount of virus in your bloodstream, called viral load, is high at this time. As a result, the infection spreads to others more easily during primary infection than during the next stage.<\/p>\n<h3>Clinical latent infection, also called chronic HIV<\/h3>\n<p>In this stage of infection, <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> is still in the body and cells of the immune system, called white blood cells. But during this time, many people don&#8217;t have symptoms or the infections that <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> can cause.<\/p>\n<p>This stage can last for many years for people who aren&#8217;t getting antiretroviral therapy, also called ART. Some people get more-severe disease much sooner.<\/p>\n<h3>Symptomatic HIV infection<\/h3>\n<p>As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may get mild infections or long-term symptoms such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fever.<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Swollen lymph glands, which are often one of the first symptoms of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection.<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Weight loss.<\/li>\n<li>Oral yeast infection, also called thrush.<\/li>\n<li>Shingles, also called herpes zoster.<\/li>\n<li>Pneumonia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Progression to AIDS<\/h3>\n<p>Better antiviral treatments have greatly decreased deaths from <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> worldwide. Thanks to these lifesaving treatments, most people with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> in the U.S. today don&#8217;t get <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. Untreated, <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> most often turns into <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> in about 8 to 10 years.<\/p>\n<p>Having <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> means your immune system is very damaged. People with <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> are more likely to develop diseases they wouldn&#8217;t get if they had healthy immune systems. These are called opportunistic infections or opportunistic cancers. Some people get opportunistic infections during the acute stage of the disease.<\/p>\n<p>The symptoms of some of these infections may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sweats.<\/li>\n<li>Chills.<\/li>\n<li>Fever that keeps coming back.<\/li>\n<li>Ongoing diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Swollen lymph glands.<\/li>\n<li>Constant white spots or lesions on the tongue or in the mouth.<\/li>\n<li>Constant fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Weakness.<\/li>\n<li>Rapid weight loss.<\/li>\n<li>Skin rashes or bumps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>When to see a doctor<\/h3>\n<p>If you think you may have been infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> or are at risk of contracting the virus, see a healthcare professional as soon as you can.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> is caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, shooting of illicit drugs or use of shared needles, and contact with infected blood. It also can spread from parent to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> destroys white blood cells called CD4 T cells. These cells play a large role in helping the body fight disease. The fewer CD4 T cells you have, the weaker your immune system becomes.<\/p>\n<h3>How does HIV become AIDS?<\/h3>\n<p>You can have an <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection with few or no symptoms for years before it turns into <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. <abbr title=\"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> is diagnosed when the CD4 T cell count falls below 200 or you have a complication you get only if you have <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>, such as a serious infection or cancer.<\/p>\n<h3>How HIV spreads<\/h3>\n<p>You can get infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> if infected blood, semen or fluids from a vagina enter your body. This can happen when you:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Have sex.<\/strong> You may become infected if you have vaginal or anal sex with an infected partner. Oral sex carries less risk. The virus can enter your body through mouth sores or small tears that can happen in the rectum or vagina during sex.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Share needles to inject illicit drugs.<\/strong> Sharing needles and syringes that have been infected puts you at high risk of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> and other infectious diseases, such as hepatitis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Have a blood transfusion.<\/strong> Sometimes the virus may be transmitted through blood from a donor. Hospitals and blood banks screen the blood supply for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. So this risk is small in places where these precautions are taken. The risk may be higher in resource-poor countries that are not able to screen all donated blood.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Have a pregnancy, give birth or breastfeed.<\/strong> Pregnant people who have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> can pass the virus to their babies. People who are <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> positive and get treatment for the infection during pregnancy can greatly lower the risk to their babies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How HIV doesn&#8217;t spread<\/h3>\n<p>You can&#8217;t become infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> through casual contact. That means you can&#8217;t catch <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> or get <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> by hugging, kissing, dancing or shaking hands with someone who has the infection.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> isn&#8217;t spread through air, water or insect bites. You can&#8217;t get <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> by donating blood.<\/p>\n<p>Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. However, you&#8217;re at greatest risk of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> \u3082\u3057\u3001\u3042\u3093\u305f\u304c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Have unprotected sex.<\/strong> Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> increases if you have more than one sexual partner.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Have an <abbr title=\"sexually transmitted infection\">STI<\/abbr>.<\/strong> Many <abbr title=\"sexually transmitted infections\">STIs<\/abbr> cause open sores on the genitals. These sores allow <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to enter the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inject illicit drugs.<\/strong> If you share needles and syringes, you can be exposed to infected blood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>  infection weakens your immune system. The infection makes you much more likely to get many infections and certain types of cancers.<\/p>\n<h3>Infections common to HIV\/AIDS<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pneumocystis pneumonia, also called PCP.<\/strong> This fungal infection can cause severe illness. It doesn&#8217;t happen as often in the U.S. because of treatments for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. But <abbr title=\"pneumocystis pneumonia\">PCP<\/abbr> is still the most common cause of pneumonia in people infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Candidiasis, also called thrush.<\/strong> Candidiasis is a common <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>-related infection. It causes a thick, white coating on the mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tuberculosis, also called TB.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"Tuberculosis\">TB<\/abbr> is a common opportunistic infection linked to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. Worldwide, <abbr title=\"tuberculosis\">TB<\/abbr> is a leading cause of death among people with <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. It&#8217;s less common in the U.S. thanks to the wide use of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cytomegalovirus.<\/strong> This common herpes virus is passed in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, semen and breast milk. A healthy immune system makes the virus inactive, but it stays in the body. If the immune system weakens, the virus becomes active, causing damage to the eyes, digestive system, lungs or other organs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cryptococcal meningitis.<\/strong> Meningitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord, called meninges. Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection linked to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. A fungus found in soil causes it.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Toxoplasmosis.<\/strong> This infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite spread primarily by cats. Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools. The parasites then can spread to other animals and humans.<\/p>\n<p>Toxoplasmosis can cause heart disease. Seizures happen when it spreads to the brain. And it can be fatal.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Cancers common to HIV\/AIDS<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lymphoma.<\/strong> This cancer starts in the white blood cells. The most common early sign is painless swelling of the lymph nodes most often in the neck, armpit or groin.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kaposi sarcoma.<\/strong> This is a tumor of the blood vessel walls. Kaposi sarcoma most often appears as pink, red or purple sores called lesions on the skin and in the mouth in people with white skin. In people with Black or brown skin, the lesions may look dark brown or black. Kaposi sarcoma also can affect the internal organs, including the lungs and organs in the digestive system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers.<\/strong> These are cancers caused by <abbr title=\"human papillomavirus\">HPV<\/abbr> infection. They include anal, oral and cervical cancers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other complications<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Wasting syndrome.<\/strong> Untreated <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> can cause a great deal of weight loss. Diarrhea, weakness and fever often happen with the weight loss.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Brain and nervous system, called neurological, complications.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> can cause neurological symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, depression, anxiety and difficulty walking. <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>-associated neurological conditions can range from mild symptoms of behavior changes and reduced mental functioning to severe dementia causing weakness and not being able to function.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kidney disease.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the tiny filters in the kidneys. These filters remove excess fluid and waste from the blood and pass them to the urine. Kidney disease most often affects Black and Hispanic people.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Liver disease.<\/strong> Liver disease also is a major complication, mainly in people who also have hepatitis B or hepatitis C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There&#8217;s no vaccine to prevent <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection and no cure for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. But you can protect yourself and others from infection.<\/p>\n<p>To help prevent the spread of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Consider preexposure prophylaxis, also called PrEP.<\/strong> There are two <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> medicines taken by mouth, also called oral, and one <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> medicine given in the form of a shot, called injectable. The oral medicines are emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). The injectable medicine is called cabotegravir (Apretude). <abbr title=\"Preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection in people at very high risk.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> can reduce the risk of getting <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> from sex by about 99% and from injecting drugs by at least 74%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn&#8217;t been studied in people who have sex by having a penis put into their vaginas, called receptive vaginal sex.<\/p>\n<p>Cabotegravir (Apretude) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> that can be given as a shot to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection in people at very high risk. A healthcare professional gives the shot. After two once-monthly shots, Apretude is given every two months. The shot is an option in place of a daily <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> pill.<\/p>\n<p>Your healthcare professional prescribes these medicines to prevent <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> only to people who don&#8217;t already have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection. You need an <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> test before you start taking any <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr>. You need to take the test every three months for the pills or before each shot for as long as you take <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p>You need to take the pills every day or closely follow the shot schedule. You still need to practice safe sex to protect against other <abbr title=\"sexually transmitted infections\">STIs<\/abbr>. If you have hepatitis B, you should see an infectious disease or liver specialist before beginning <abbr title=\"preexposure prophylaxis\">PrEP<\/abbr> therapy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Use treatment as prevention, also called TasP.<\/strong> If you have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>, taking <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines can keep your partner from getting infected with the virus. If your blood tests show no virus, that means your viral load can&#8217;t be detected. Then you won&#8217;t transmit the virus to anyone else through sex.<\/p>\n<p>If you use <abbr title=\"treatment as prevention\">TasP<\/abbr>, you must take your medicines exactly as prescribed and get regular checkups.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use post-exposure prophylaxis, also called PEP, if you&#8217;ve been exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. <\/strong>If you think you&#8217;ve been exposed through sex, through needles or in the workplace, contact your healthcare professional or go to an emergency room. Taking <abbr title=\"post-exposure prophylaxis\">PEP<\/abbr> as soon as you can within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of getting <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. You need to take the medicine for 28 days.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex.<\/strong> Both male and female condoms are available. If you use a lubricant, make sure it&#8217;s water based. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break.<\/p>\n<p>During oral sex, use a cut-open condom or a piece of medical-grade latex called a dental dam without a lubricant.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tell your sexual partners you have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/strong> It&#8217;s important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you&#8217;re <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> positive. They need to be tested.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use clean needles.<\/strong> If you use needles to inject illicit drugs, make sure the needles are sterile. Don&#8217;t share them. Use needle-exchange programs in your community. Seek help for your drug use.<\/li>\n<li><strong>If you&#8217;re pregnant, get medical care right away.<\/strong> You can pass <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to your baby. But if you get treatment during pregnancy, you can lessen your baby&#8217;s risk greatly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consider male circumcision.<\/strong> Studies show that removing the foreskin from the penis, called circumcision, can help reduce the risk of getting <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> can be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Tests include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Antigen-antibody tests.<\/strong> These tests most often use blood from a vein. Antigens are substances on the <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> virus itself. They most often show up in the blood within a few weeks after being exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p>The immune system makes antibodies when it&#8217;s exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. It can take weeks to months for antibodies to show up in blood. You may not show a positive result on an antigen-antibody test until 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antibody tests.<\/strong> These tests look for antibodies to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> in blood or saliva. Most rapid <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> tests are antibody tests. This includes self-tests done at home. You may not show a positive result on an antibody test until 3 to 12 weeks after you&#8217;ve been exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Nucleic acid tests (NATs).<\/strong> These tests look for the virus in your blood, called viral load. They use blood from a vein.<\/p>\n<p>If you might have been exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> within the past few weeks, your healthcare professional may suggest <abbr title=\"nucleic acid test\">NAT<\/abbr>. <abbr title=\"Nucleic acid test\">NAT<\/abbr> is the first test to become positive after exposure to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Talk with your healthcare professional about which <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> test is right for you. If any of these tests are negative, you may need a follow-up test weeks to months later to confirm the results.<\/p>\n<h3>Tests to stage disease and treatment<\/h3>\n<p>If you&#8217;ve been diagnosed with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>, find a specialist trained in diagnosing and treating <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to help you:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decide whether you need other tests.<\/li>\n<li>Find which <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> antiretroviral therapy, also called ART, is best for you.<\/li>\n<li>Watch your progress and work with you to manage your health.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you get a diagnosis of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>, tests can help your healthcare professional learn the stage of your disease and the best treatment, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>CD4 T cell count.<\/strong> CD4 T cells are white blood cells that <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> targets and destroys. Even if you have no symptoms, <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection becomes <abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> when your CD4 T cell count dips below 200.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Viral load, also called <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> RNA.<\/strong> This test measures the amount of virus in your blood. After starting <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> treatment, the goal is to have a viral load so low that it doesn&#8217;t show up on the test, called undetectable. This greatly reduces your chances of opportunistic infection and other <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>-related complications.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medicine resistance.<\/strong> Some strains of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> are resistant to medicines. This test helps your healthcare professional know if your form of the virus has resistance. This guides treatment decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Tests for complications<\/h3>\n<p>Your healthcare professional also might order lab tests to check for other infections or complications, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tuberculosis.<\/li>\n<li>Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection.<\/li>\n<li><abbr title=\"Sexually transmitted infections\">STIs<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li>Liver or kidney damage.<\/li>\n<li>Urinary tract infection.<\/li>\n<li>Cervical and anal cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Cytomegalovirus.<\/li>\n<li>Toxoplasmosis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There&#8217;s no cure for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>. Once you have the infection, your body can&#8217;t get rid of it. But there are medicines that can control <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> and prevent complications.<\/p>\n<p>Everyone diagnosed with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> should take antiretroviral therapy medicines, also called ART. This is true no matter what stage the disease is in or what the complications are.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr> is usually a mix of two or more medicines from several classes. This approach has the best chance of lowering the amount of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> in the blood. There are many <abbr title=\"antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr> options that mix more than one <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicine into a single pill, taken once daily.<\/p>\n<p>Each class of medicines blocks the virus in different ways. Treatment involves mixing medicines from different classes to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Account for medicine resistance, called viral genotype.<\/li>\n<li>Keep from creating new medicine-resistant strains of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li>Suppress the virus in the blood as much as possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Two medicines from one class, plus a third medicine from another class, are most often used.<\/p>\n<p>The classes of anti-<abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)<\/strong> turn off a protein needed by <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to make copies of itself.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include efavirenz, rilpivirine (Edurant) and doravirine (Pifeltro).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)<\/strong> are faulty versions of the building blocks that <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> needs to make copies of itself.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include abacavir (Ziagen), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), emtricitabine (Emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir) and zidovudine (Retrovir). Retrovir is no longer suggested for routine use in the U.S. because of high rates of toxic effects.<\/p>\n<p>Mixes of medicines also are available, such as emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Protease inhibitors (PIs)<\/strong> make <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> protease inactive. <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> protease is another protein that <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> needs to make copies of itself.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista) and lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Integrase inhibitors<\/strong> stop the action of a protein called integrase. <abbr title=\"Human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> uses integrase to put its genetic material into CD4 T cells.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include bictegravir sodium-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Biktarvy), raltegravir (Isentress), dolutegravir (Tivicay) and cabotegravir (Vocabria).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Entry or fusion inhibitors<\/strong> block <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus's\">HIV&#8217;s<\/abbr> entry into CD4 T cells.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). Newer medicines include ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo) and fostemsavir (Rukobia).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Starting and staying on treatment<\/h3>\n<p>Everyone with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection, no matter what the CD4 T cell count or symptoms are, should be offered antiviral medicine.<\/p>\n<p>Staying on <abbr title=\"antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr> that keeps your <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> viral load in the blood from being detected is the best way for you to stay healthy.<\/p>\n<p>For <abbr title=\"antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr> to work, you must take the medicines as prescribed. Don&#8217;t miss or skip doses. Staying on <abbr title=\"antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr> with an undetectable viral load helps:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep your immune system strong.<\/li>\n<li>Lower your chances of getting an infection.<\/li>\n<li>Lower your chances of getting treatment-resistant <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li>Lower your chances of giving <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> to other people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Staying on <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> therapy can be hard. Talk to your healthcare professional about possible side effects, trouble you have taking medicines, and any mental health or substance use issues that may make it hard for you to stay on <abbr title=\"antiretroviral therapy\">ART<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p>Have regular follow-up appointments with your health professional to check your health and response to treatment. Let your health professional know right away if you have problems with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> therapy. Then you can work together to find ways to deal with those issues.<\/p>\n<h3>Treatment side effects<\/h3>\n<p>Treatment side effects can include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Heart disease.<\/li>\n<li>Kidney and liver damage.<\/li>\n<li>Weakened bones or bone loss.<\/li>\n<li>Cholesterol levels that are not typical.<\/li>\n<li>Higher blood sugar.<\/li>\n<li>Problems with thinking, emotions and sleep.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Treatment for age-related diseases<\/h3>\n<p>Some health issues that are a part of aging may be harder to manage if you have <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. Some medicines that are common for age-related heart, bone or metabolic conditions, for example, may not mix well with anti-<abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines. Talk with your healthcare professional about your other health conditions and the medicines you take for them.<\/p>\n<p>If another health professional prescribes a medicine for another condition, let that health professional know about your <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> therapy. Then the health professional can make sure there are no problems with taking the medicines together.<\/p>\n<h3>Treatment response<\/h3>\n<p>Your healthcare professional will watch your viral load and CD4 T cell counts to see your response to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> treatment. The first check is at 4 to 6 weeks. After that, you see your health professional every 3 to 6 months.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment should lower your viral load so that can&#8217;t be found in the blood. That doesn&#8217;t mean your <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> is gone. Even if it can&#8217;t be found in the blood, <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> is still in your body.<\/p>\n<p>Besides getting medical treatment, you need to take an active role in your own care. The following may help you stay healthy longer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Eat healthy foods.<\/strong> Fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein help keep you strong, give you more energy and support your immune system. Eat enough calories to keep your weight stable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avoid raw meat, eggs and more.<\/strong> Foodborne illnesses can be severe in people who are infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. Cook meat until it&#8217;s well done. Don&#8217;t use dairy products that aren&#8217;t treated for bacteria, called pasteurized. Don&#8217;t eat raw eggs and raw seafood such as oysters, sushi or sashimi. Don&#8217;t drink water you don&#8217;t know is safe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Get the right vaccinations.<\/strong> These may prevent common infections such as pneumonia, influenza, <abbr title=\"coronavirus disease 2019\">COVID-19\uff08\u65b0\u578b\u30b3\u30ed\u30ca\u30a6\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u611f\u67d3\u75c7<\/abbr> and mpox. Your healthcare professional also may suggest other vaccinations, including those for <abbr title=\"human papillomavirus\">HPV<\/abbr>, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Vaccines that don&#8217;t have live viruses mostly are safe. But most vaccines with live viruses are not safe because of your weakened immune system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Take care with pets.<\/strong> Some animals may carry parasites that can cause infections in people who are <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> positive. Cat stool can cause toxoplasmosis, reptiles can carry salmonella, and birds can carry cryptococcus or histoplasmosis. Wash hands thoroughly after handling pets or emptying litter boxes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>People who are infected with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> sometimes try dietary supplements that claim to boost the immune system or help with side effects of anti-<abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines. But there are no studies that show these claims are true. And many supplements can get in the way of other medicines you take.<\/p>\n<p>Always check with your healthcare professional before taking any supplements or alternative therapies to make sure they won&#8217;t affect the way your medicines work.<\/p>\n<h3>Supplements that may be helpful<\/h3>\n<p>There&#8217;s little evidence to show that any supplements for <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> work. Some examples with limited research include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acetyl-L-carnitine.<\/strong> Researchers have used acetyl-L-carnitine to treat nerve pain, numbness or weakness, called neuropathy, in people with diabetes. It may also ease neuropathy linked to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> for people who don&#8217;t have enough acetyl-L-carnitine in their bodies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Whey protein and certain amino acids.<\/strong> Early evidence suggests that whey protein, a cheese byproduct, can help some people with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> gain weight. The amino acids L-glutamine, L-arginine and hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB), also may help with weight gain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Probiotics.<\/strong> There is some evidence that the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii may help with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>-related diarrhea. Use only as your healthcare professional directs. Bovine colostrum also is being studied for treating diarrhea. But more research is needed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vitamins and minerals.<\/strong> Vitamins A, D, E, C and B and the minerals zinc, iron and selenium may help if you have low levels of them. Talk to your health professional before taking them. Too much of some vitamins and minerals can be harmful.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Supplements that may be dangerous<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>St. John&#8217;s wort.<\/strong> Often used for depression, St. John&#8217;s wort can reduce how well several types of anti-<abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines work by more than half.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Garlic supplements.<\/strong> Garlic itself may help strengthen the immune system. But garlic supplements can reduce how well some anti-<abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> medicines work. Eating some garlic in food seems to be safe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Red yeast rice extract.<\/strong> Some people use this to lower cholesterol. Don&#8217;t take it if you take a protease inhibitor or a statin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mind-body practices<\/h3>\n<p>Practices such as yoga, meditation and massage have been shown to reduce stress as well as provide relaxation and improve quality of life. While they need more study, these practices may be helpful if you&#8217;re living with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p>Getting a diagnosis of any life-threatening illness can cause distress. The emotional, social and financial effects of <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> can make coping with this illness very hard for you and for those close to you.<\/p>\n<p>But there are many services and resources for people with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>. Most <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> clinics have social workers, counselors or nurses who can help you or put you in touch with people who can help you.<\/p>\n<p>They may be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arrange transportation to and from medical appointments.<\/li>\n<li>Help with housing and child care.<\/li>\n<li>Assist with employment and legal issues.<\/li>\n<li>Provide support during financial crises.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to have a support system. Many people with <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr> find that talking with someone who knows about their disease gives them comfort.<\/p>\n<p>If you think you might have an <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection, you&#8217;re likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may be sent to an infectious disease specialist who focuses on treating <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\">AIDS<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<h3>What you can do<\/h3>\n<p>Before your appointment, think about the answers to these questions and take them to your appointment:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How do you think you were exposed to <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr>?<\/li>\n<li>What are your symptoms?<\/li>\n<li>Do you have risk factors, such as having sex without protection or shooting illicit drugs?<\/li>\n<li>What medicines or supplements do you take?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What to expect from your doctor<\/h3>\n<p>Your healthcare professional asks you questions about your health and lifestyle and does a physical exam, checking you for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Swollen lymph nodes.<\/li>\n<li>Sores on your skin or in your mouth.<\/li>\n<li>Problems with your nervous system.<\/li>\n<li>Unusual sounds in your lungs.<\/li>\n<li>Swollen organs in your belly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What you can do in the meantime<\/h3>\n<p>If you think you might have an <abbr title=\"human immunodeficiency virus\">HIV<\/abbr> infection, protect yourself and others before your appointment. Don&#8217;t have sex without using protection. If you shoot illicit drugs, always use a fresh, clean needle. Don&#8217;t share needles with others.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn more about this potentially life-threatening infection that spreads through blood, sex and childbirth. 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